The paper tries to study the effect of participation pattern on sport activities among the students of I.A.U of Kermanshah. The research method is survey with questionnaire and 368 students were chosen through cluster sampling. The data were analyzed by SPPS(version of 11.5). The results show the median of participation pattern is 2.31 and 1.14 out of students and it was in lower stage, but the...

Studies on experts' understanding of the public have mainly focused on the views of scientists. We add to the literature on constructions of the public by analyzing the views of decision-makers, professional science communicators and scientists involved in 'space' communication on the public and public participation in policy. Findings show that contextual situations and roles determine the way...

Perception and experience gained in the contemporary school could not help human beings' active learning. Totally, participation is the main element in active learning and thus, the active participation of students in the learning process is emphasized by education and learning in secondary schools. Given the importance of active learning, in this paper, the effective components in this type of...

RESULTS: Fifty-five participants (31 patients and 24 parents) completed all questionnaires, 98.2% preferred active involvement in therapeutic decision-making. The SDM-Q-9 scores, assessed by patients and physicians, were acceptable (mean 68 out of 100). However, the independently assessed OPTION-5 scores were significantly lower (mean 31 out of 100). In the consultations, physicians rarely aske...

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT Many countries are giving patients a more active role in health care, on both the individual and collective level. This study focuses on one aspect of the participation agenda on the individual level: self-management. The study explores self-management in practice, including the implications of the difficulties encountered. OBJECTIVE To gain insight into the complexity ...